We have all heard at least a partial explanation as to why West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent prices are so far apart. We have been told that the Midwest is oversupplied because of all of the Canadian imports, and the crude oil cannot get down as far as the Gulf Coast, because while there is pipeline capacity to the Midwest, there isn’t adequate pipeline capacity to the Gulf Coast. I have done a little research and tried to add some more context and details. For example, the opening of two pipelines from Canada (one on April 1, 2010 and one on February 8, 2011) seems to be contributing to the problem, as is rising North Dakota oil production.
There are two pipelines (Seaway – 430,000 barrels a day capacity and Capline – 1.2 million barrels a day capacity) bringing oil up from the Gulf to the Midwest. It is really the conflict between the oil coming up from the Gulf and the oil from the North that is leading to excessive crude oil supply for Midwest refineries and the resulting lower price for WTI crude oil at Cushing. Demand for output from the refineries remains high though, so prices for refined products remains high, even as prices for crude oil are low. This mismatch provides an opportunity for refiners to make high profits.
There are various ways of fixing the problem. Bringing less oil up from the Gulf would seem to be part of the solution. Conoco Phillips, one of the owners of the Seaway pipeline (and an owner of Midwest refineries), says it is not interested in reversing it. But lower prices by themselves would seem to result in less oil being shipped through the pipelines up from the Gulf, and may at least partially fix the problem.
Trucking and rail transportation of oil to the Gulf Coast may also be part of the solution, but arranging this may take some time, because of the large quantities involved. If shipping by train or truck is worked out, I would expect that the price of WTI will move closer to Brent, to reflect the additional shipping cost involved, perhaps $10 or $15 a barrel. The availability of this solution should help to cap the spread between West Texas Intermediate and Brent.
Figure 1. Comparison of Brent and West Texas Intermediate spot prices, based on data of the US Energy Information Agency.
Inspection of Figure 1 indicates that the gap between Brent and WTI prices started in December 2010, and has widened in 2011. Below the fold, I show some more details about what is happening and the prospects for getting the gap fixed.
Rising Production in North Dakota and Canada
Underlying all of this is rising oil production in “PADD2” (the EIA’s designation for the Midwest, which includes the Bakken in North Dakota) and also rising imports into PADD2 of crude oil from western Canada.
Figure 2. Imports from Canada into PADD2. Graph by EIA.
Figure 2 shows the oil imported into PADD2 from Canada. While imports have been rising since 1990, there has been no spectacular recent rise in the amount of oil coming into the US from Canada. A closer look at the last eight months (shown in Figure 3, below) shows that there have been ups and downs, which I will later show correspond to the timing of pipeline closures and operation at reduced pressure because of spills.
Figure 3. Crude oil imports since July 2010 into PADD2, based on EIA data.
The production that appears to be increasing rapidly is production from the Bakken region in North Dakota.
Figure 4. Production for PADD2, through November 2010, based on EIA data.
This graph includes all of PADD2. North Dakota is about half of the total, and the only rapidly growing portion. The graph shows production only through November 2010, but it is no doubt higher in December, January, and February. (For more on the Bakken, see my recent post Is Shale Oil the Answer to Peak Oil.)
Thus, it appears that US PADD2 production has recently increased by a high percentage, but relative to a low base, while imports from Canada are generally rising, although not necessarily by very much recently. Both would tend to put pressure on Midwest refinery capacity, if the area were already up against limits, but probably not otherwise.
Midwest Refinery Capacity
We have all heard that these Midwest refining capacity is inadequate. EIA doesn’t give much history of refinery capacity by region, but apparently, the Midwest at one time had more capacity than it does now.
Figure 5. Current distribution of US refinery capacity, based on EIA data.
Currently, the Midwest has about 18% of US refining capacity, amounting to about 3.3 million barrels a day. Imports from Canada from Figure 2 or 3 would appear to be about 1.3 million barrels a day, and PADD 2 production would appear to be about 800,000 barrels a day, making a total of roughly 2.1 million barrels a day. This is not enough oil to supply Midwest refineries, and the reason for pipelines from the Gulf. Consumption of oil products in the Midwest is about 4.9 million barrels a day, considerably more than it refines, so the Midwest also depends on imports of oil products from other parts of the country for its needs.
There are two crude pipelines from the Gulf to the Midwest. The Seaway Pipeline with a capacity of 430,000 barrels a day brings oil up from the Gulf coast to Cushing, while the Capline pipeline, with a capacity of 1,200,000 barrels a day, brings crude from Louisiana to Southern Illinois. It is the conflict of the crude oil coming from the North with the crude oil coming from the South that is causing the oversupply of crude oil to Midwest refineries.
It should be noted that some refineries have been set up to handle very heavy oil from Canada, and others have not. There are also other differences in refineries that make some better for some types of crude oil than for other types. Because of this, even if the total amount of crude oil were to match up precisely with the available Midwest capacity, there might still be refineries with not enough crude and others with too much.
Figure 6. PADD2 and US percent utilization of refinery capacity
According to EIA data, PADD2 (Midwest) refineries are running at 95% of capacity, while other refineries are running at much lower percentages of capacity. Some of the other “PADDs” are running at 75% of refinery capacity–too low to make a profit. The level of refinery utilization tends to vary by the time of year–this is an unusual time for utilization to be so high. If utilization is high now, a “normal” summer rise in utilization would not really be possible. So effectively “maxing out” at refinery utilization seems to be part of the problem.
Since the buyers of crude oil are generally refineries, if they have all the oil they can take, they are not going to bid very much for more crude oil, except perhaps out in the future, when they aren’t so overbooked, and this seems to be the pattern we are seeing for West Texas Intermediate.
Figure 7. US Percent Utilization fo Refinery Operable Capacity (EIA graph)
Figure 7 shows that it is not all that unusual for the industry to run at 95% utilization of operable capacity. US overall utilization of US refineries is down considerably since the 1995 to 2005 period. There is clearly plenty of capacity in the US, outside of PADD2, if oil could get transported to the right location.
Pipeline Issues
Part of the problem seems to be pipeline issues–particularly new pipelines that don’t go to the Gulf. There are really two new pipelines. The first is Enbridge’s Alberta Clipper Line. It opened in April 2010 and carries up to 450,000 barrels a day from Hardisty, Alberta to Superior, Wisconsin. From there, it is added to existing US pipelines.
Figure 8. Map by Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, showing pipeline status as of July 2010.
The Enbridge Alberta Clipper is the red line (labeled with a “1”), connecting up with Superior, Wisconsin. This pipeline no doubt accounts for whatever increase in PADD2 imports occurred since early 2010, which from Figure 2 above, doesn’t appear to be much.
One reason that the Alberta Clipper doesn’t seem to actually be doing very much to increase US imports is the fact that it appears to have been built for a bigger increase in Canadian production than actually took place, so is running under capacity.
The other reason for the lack of increase is because of leak-related shut downs and reductions in capacity in US pipelines. First, on July 8, 2010, there was a spill in Michigan on the Line 6B (built to carry 290,000 barrels a day, but carrying 190,000 barrels a day). Then, on September 9, there was a leak discovered outside of Chicago in Line 6A (built to carry 670,000 barrels a day, but carrying 459,000 barrels a day before the leak). Both of these leaks were repaired, but Enbridge was ordered to run the pipelines at lower pressure afterward. One report said the reduction in pressure had the potential to reduce deliveries of Line 6A by 300,000 barrels a day. The long and short of this is that while the April 1 increase in pipeline capacity theoretically had the potential to increase deliveries, the closures and reduced pipeline pressures (which reduced the flow rate) prevented much of an actual increase in deliveries. I would not be surprised if we continue to have problems with leaks. There seem to be real issues with putting heavy crude through very old US pipelines–see my post on this issue.
Since the Alberta Clipper didn’t actually increase deliveries very much, crude has been accumulating in Canada. On January 24 Reuters said, “Capacity on Canadian oil pipelines has been tight since this summer, when two of Enbridge’s lines in the Midwest ruptured, backing up crude supplies in Alberta. Oil producers have since been trying to winnow down Alberta stockpiles, routinely requesting more space than available on the lines leaving the province.”
A second new pipeline, Trans Canada’s Keystone Pipeline with a capacity of 590,000 barrels of crude oil a day, was added in February 8. It is labeled with a numeral “2” on Figure 8. Since it opened so recently, the effects would not yet appear in Figure 3 amounts. The new section brings oil from Steele City Nebraska to Cushing, and raises capacity on the line by 145,000 barrels per day. The addition of this line appears to have the potential to bring more oil into the Midwest, where refining capacity is already “maxed out”. It seems to me that the opening of this line is a major part of what is scaring refineries, since they already have as much crude oil as they can handle from other sources. They are offering low prices for additional oil, recognizing they cannot really handle more.
Storage Maxed Out?
A graph of recent PADD2 storage (the entire amount, not just Cushing) is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. PADD crude oil storage inventory. Graph made by EIA.
Clearly, crude oil in storage was already on an upward trend before the Alberta Clipper pipeline opened on April 1, 2010. If we compare the recent changes in inventory to what has happened with PADD2 imports (Figure 3), we see that there seems to be a close correlation. Between the opening of the pipeline and the day of the first spill (July 26, 2010), inventory increased from 85.0 million barrels to 97.7 million barrels. This was an increase of 12.7 million barrels in about 116 days, indicating that PADD 2 was accumulating inventory at a rate of about 109,000 barrels a day.
Once the first outage began, inventory was drawn down, reaching about 90.7 million barrels when Line 6B was finally put back on at a reduced rate on September 27, 2010. Figure 3 shows piped oil imports began increasing about November 1, 2010. Between November 1 and February 11, inventories increased from 90.7 million barrels to 99.2 million barrels, an increase of 8.5 million barrels in 102 days, or 83,000 barrels a day of inventory accumulation. So it looks as if PADD2 was not able to handle the additional crude oil added by the Alberta Clipper during the times it increased flow from Canada. It is not surprising that refineries are worried about the Trans Canada’s Keystone pipeline expansion coming on line February 8, adding even more potential crude oil supply.
Are the new low crude oil prices reducing PADD2 gasoline prices?
This is a graph comparing PADD2 gasoline prices to US average gasoline prices.
Figure 10. PADD2 average gasoline price compared to US average gasoline price, based on EIA data.
The lower prices that refineries have been paying for crude in PADD2 do not seem to be translating to lower gasoline prices. There would seem to be three reasons for this. First, demand for products, like gasoline, remains high in the Midwest. It is crude oil that is oversupplied, because of pipeline issues and other factors. Second, it is not clear whether refineries actually paid the reduced prices that we have been seeing recently. They may have had long-term contracts or have hedged their costs, so that they did not benefit from the reduced price for WTI. Third, since PADD2 consumes more oil products than it produces, it is importing oil products refined elsewhere, and must pay the “going rate” for them.
How will all of this resolve?
Some have suggested that TransCanada’s Keystone XL pipeline (labeled as “3” on Figure 8 ) will help solve the problem, when it is completed in 2013. I am not so sure. For one thing, the pipeline hasn’t been approved yet, and it has substantial opposition in the US. Furthermore, unless Canadian production really ramps up, it is not clear that there will be enough crude oil to fill another pipeline. There are already two recent pipelines bringing more oil into PADD2, and they are likely nowhere near full. Canada also has options for sending its crude elsewhere–see pipelines to the West Coast, labeled “4”, “5”, and “6” on Figure 8.
To handle our current problems, what seems to be needed is a pipeline specifically from Cushing to the Gulf coast. Even this piece of the Keystone XL pipeline has substantial opposition, and won’t be available until 2013, assuming it is approved and moves ahead as planned. If the portion of Keystone XL from Canada is added as well, it will also be bring more crude from Canada, adding to the amount of oil that needs to be transported to the Gulf Coast. The new segment to the Gulf Coast may not add much more capacity than what is being brought south by the new line.
As mentioned in the introduction, there is a 430,000 barrel a day crude oil pipeline that brings crude oil up from the Gulf Coast to Cushing, called the Seaway Pipeline. If it were reversed, it theoretically might solve the problem, assuming that each refinery could still get the type of crude it needs. ConocoPhillips, a partial owner of Seaway, has said it is not interested in reversing the pipeline. Conoco Phillips operates refineries in the Midwest, and stands to make money if there is a large gap between crude oil prices and the selling prices of products (in other words, crack spread). But there may be other reasons for wanting the pipeline to continue flowing in toward Cushing. A 860,000 change in capacity (from +430,000 to -430,000) would a big change to digest, even for a PADD that is oversupplied.
If the selling price of crude oil in the Midwest remains depressed long enough, sellers will find other markets for their crude oil, and the Seaway and Capline pipelines bringing oil up from the Gulf will operate at reduced capacities. That would be one solution to the PADD2 crunch. If the situation is bad enough, long enough, it is possible that the Seaway Pipeline owners will relent and turn the pipeline direction around, so it pumps oil toward the Gulf, instead of up to Cushing.
Another option is railroad or truck shipping of oil from the Midwest down to the Gulf Coast. According to Dennis Gartman, the cost of shipping crude from Cushing to the coast is $10 barrel by truck and $6 barrel by train. If there really is sufficient train and trucking capacity, this would seem to be the approach to use. A person would think the price differential would then be reduced to the additional transit cost, or the additional transit cost, plus a small margin. The price differential between Brent and WTI would then go back to $10 or $15 barrel.
One way or another, the gap between WTI and Brent prices seems to unlikely to continue growing, and I would expect the differential to eventually start dropping. It nothing else, as the total supply of oil drops, there will be less oil to fill pipelines from the Gulf to the Midwest, making more opportunity for locally produced oil to use the local refineries.
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since 5 weeks (see http://www.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_stoc_wstk_dcu_YCUOK_w.htm) inventories in Cushing are flat, not increasing as it is frequently reported in all kind of media. Inventories are since weeks 37-38 mio barrel against a capacity of 55, and capacity which will further increase by 25% this year. Why is this considered as overstocked or glut ? The market seems to ignore this and media just repeats old statements.
But perhaps supply and demand fundamentals isn´t the whole story. Could it be that powerful players in the old industry short sell WTI crude to cause this spread, aiming to influence policymakers to approve Keystone XL ? (see http://www.petroleum-economist.com/default.asp?page=14&PubID=46&ISS=25745&SID=727957)
I noticed that Cushing inventories were flat. They were not at what I had read as the maximum inventory level, so I was confused (perhaps I misunderstood). This is the primary reason I looked at total inventories, which are clearly rising. It is not clear that Cushing is the problem.
Gail
I am not so sure. The inventory rise in total PADD2 occurred already during in 2010 when there was no spread between WTI and brent. Reached 96 in sept (when your chart Fig. 9 ended), since then it is quite flat. In the period when the spread has begun to widen dramatically, since early Feb, the total inventory went up by merely 1% from 99 to 100. (see http://www.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_stoc_wstk_dcu_r20_w.htm), there is no trend for increase in recent weeks – this is hardly a reason to support the price development. Or did perhaps market players need months to realise that there was a inventory build-up ?
best regards
Christian
It may be that PADD2 is getting closer to maximum inventory, and this is an issue. Some of these pressures have been building over time. Bakken keeps pumping out more, and the new Keystone pipeline enhancement just came out in February.
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Thanks again Gail. I’d like to think my “hint, hint” helped prompt this post, but clearly the leg work is all yours…You certainly didn’t waste a moment (how’d you pull this together so fast!!??)
I must admit, that some of this was a bit mind-bending and required full attention. In the end though its likely to “resolve itself” with painful simplicity. Here in Spain there is an expression that says something like “the rabies disappears the instant the dog dies” – seems appropriate. In that sense, I thought the news on Saudi Arabia’s export decline in December was a bit ominous: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-19/opec-s-december-oil-exports-fall-2-as-shipments-from-saudia-arabia-drop.html
I appreciate the suggestions readers give on topics to write about. I received more than one request asking about Brent -WTI spread.
Most of my posts are pretty fast. Google helps!
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Brilliant post, Gail.
This blog is quickly becomming a mainstay in the Peak Oil sphere.
Yes this was tremendously enlightening. I have a personal question: do you ever just laugh about the absurdity of it all while writing these pieces? I mean basically you’re saying that there isn’t enough oil, except where there is too much oil; there isn’t enough refinery capacity, except that there is too much refinery capacity; there is too little pipeline capacity for the oil we have but too much for the oil we will have (let alone adding more); we’re paying too much, but not enough to justify change. And so forth.
Someone really could turn this into a hilarious niche standup routine. Sure maybe only a few hundred people would get it, but for those it’d be great.
Good point! It is sort of a comedy, isn’t it.
Infrastructure is inflexible. We build it, and it is where it is. But then oil production declines, and then we to build pipelines to bring in new oil. Then new oil is found, and the previous oil needs to find new refining homes. It is sort of like musical chairs, but instead of people and chairs, it is oil and refineries and pipelines.
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Gail,
Thank you for this piece – it was much enlightning. Even so, there is one aspect of this issue that I have a very hard time to figure out. You mention a couple of developments that may bring down the price differential. One being trucking or railroading of oil from Cushing to the Gulf Coast another being opening of a new pipeline for oil flowing from Cushing to the Gulf Coast.
At the same time you mentioned that there are quite substantial amount of crude that presently are piped from the Gulf Coast to Cushing. Combined with your suggestions of a “solution” this is quite strange (to say the least). The solution would thus be oil travelling back and forth between the Gulf Coast and Cushing. I do not understand this.
Given a large price differential between WTI/Cushing prices and prices at the Gulf Coast. (If this price differential can be calculated from Louisiana Sweet it would be something like USD 17): Why then is oil piped from the Gulf Coast to Cushing if it can be sold at a much higher price at the Gulf Coast. (Alternatively why is it shipped to the Gulf Coast in the first place if the ultimate destination would be Cushing where prices are lower than almost everywhere in the world.) This does not seem to make economic sense. Why invent routes for it to flow in the opposite direction, when the obvious solution would be to stop it flowing from the Coast to Cushing.
Could there be some form of manipulating of the price occurring? Different qualities of oil?
I would be very happy if you could comment on this.
I am sure there is a lot of history that would help to explain what is happening. In some cases, I expect that what has happened is oil is discovered in one location; refineries are built nearby, and then the oilfields go into decline, and oil is piped from somewhere else, to keep the refinery operating, but with different oil. Oklahoma used to be a bigger oil producing state than it is now; so was Pennsylvania. I haven’t run across state tables that go back far enough to tell the precise history, but I know that there have been some big changes.
The Midwest is a big market for oil products. For whatever reason, quite a number of refineries were built in the Midwest, in most cases to service oil that was originally produced nearby. But as this oil declined in quantity, two pipelines up from the Gulf were added, to bring oil from the Gulf up to be refined. There is talk about reversing the smaller of these two pipelines.
One thing you need to keep in mind is that oil refineries are built with varying capabilities. The simplest ones, built years ago, simply separated out oil into its component parts. This worked fairly well (and was quite economical) for “light, sweet” crude. It tended to produce a lot of gasoline, and much less diesel, because of the type of oil involved. But if heavier oil is involved, or it has more impurities, then you need a much more expensive, elaborate refinery, such as is now needed for most oil from Canada. But heavy oil can have advantages, for example producing more diesel in relationship to gasoline, if this is what is needed.
So there is a mixture of refineries, with varying capabilities, that are no longer located near where oil of the particular type needed is produced. Pipelines bring them oil of the right type. When a new type of oil comes along, (from Canada or North Dakota), it somehow needs to get shipped to a refinery of the right type, and oil that the refinery was most recently processing (probably from a pipeline) needs to find a new refining “home”. One reason this might not happen immediately is that long term contracts may be in force. Or the refinery may really be better adapted to the crude it is currently using, and may not really want the new crude. It seems like the shift in prices would cause a change, but there may be a time lag involved.
I am sure there are things I don’t understand. Can WTI (or some other light type) be sold for more in Louisiana than Cushing? If so, the pricing difference would seem to put an end to oil being piped up to Cushing immediately. But if the price is low everywhere (I don’t know this is the case), then this mechanism wouldn’t work.
Gail,
Thank you for your answer, although I still do not quite understand this issue. As I understand it oil of the same quality as WTI is sold at much higher price than at Cushing almost everywhere. I have built my reasoning on this fact/assumption. If this is wrong then we can forget my reasoning on this issue.
However if the assumption is correct all this becomes so strange. Please excuse for being somewhat repetitious. However, in a schematic way we have the following situation:
There is too much oil at C (storage space tends to be inadequate). Oil is transported to C from several places, e g. it is piped to C from G (in two pipelines). Now to remedy this situation several ways to move oil from C to G are suggested, i.e. by truck, railroad or by pipeline (either a new one or reversing one of the existing).
To, me this does not make sense. From a purely volumetric standpoint the situation would quickly be remedied if existing pipelines just stopped transporting oil from G to C.
Now, we have discussed the possibility that an issue of different qualities of oil comes into this. It might (must?) have something to do with this. Storage space might be filled with a quality of oil that is difficult to handle at C. Remedies would then include transporting oil of another quality from C to G than the quality of oil that is piped from G to C.
Still this is an explanation that has its limits. WTI must be of a defined quality. Granted that NYMEX must insure that there is storage space for WTI oil at C this storage space cannot (?) be completely crowded by oil of lesser quality.
All in all I still do not understand this. Probably just have to accept that for now.
In the oil world, things tend not to change very quickly, because of long-term contracts, and refineries are built with particular specifications.
I haven’t run across oil prices at different locations for the same type of oil (WTI, North Dakota Sweet, etc.) These are really what need to be different, to get sellers of the oil to move the oil to a new market. Apparently they are different, because sellers are using trains and trucks to get their oil to the Gulf Coast.
It seems like these things should work out, because of the different prices. When the next long-term contract comes, many of the sellers of crude oil will sell it on the Gulf coast, instead of sending it through pipelines to the Midwest.
Gail, you are a treasure! I have been so dissatisfied with the ‘all pipelines lead to Cushing’ narrative and i knew there were important pieces of the puzzle i was missing. This explains a lot and accounts for the recent history with the Enbridge shutdowns. You really should be the energy editor at NYT or WSJ. You have as good a grasp of the major energy issues as anyone in the field, Rapier and Staniford included.
Thanks. I think in a prior life (if I believed in such) I must have been a detective or something similar. I spent years in the insurance industry, playing detective, figuring out answers to questions (will “x” new type of insurance really work, and if not why not; what will be the impact of a particular set of proposed tort reforms; why are claim patterns different this year than in prior years), and making forecasts. It was only in 2007 I left the insurance industry (although there was an overlap period between 2005 and 2007, when I did some of both). On March 1, it will be four years since I started writing strictly about energy-related issues.
I have been fortunate to be able to learn quite a bit about energy in a relatively short time, and to build up a large number of energy-related contacts. But since I don’t come with a lifelong background in the energy business, I may miss things. I hope readers will let me know.
Scott, don’t wish Gail into the deceitful MSM camp, especially the WSJ & NYT. They are not only part of the problem but they are major drivers of the problem (BAU & economic growth at all costs). Independent thinkers like Gail are part of the counter balance to their destructive paradigm.
Gail
Is their information available on the ratios of the grades of crude held at Cushing?, It would seem to me that Cushing may accumulating heavy crudes from Canada and Bakken in which case unless the refineries upgrade to handle the mix of crude available this situation will keep on getting worse, this is no quick fix
Neven
Gail,
Thanks so much for digging deeper into this. It has been a puzzle for me for a while, and while I have tried to get the gist from commentators on TOD, this work really explains a lot.
Of course, it is the long run weighted global average that counts, yes?
George
In many ways, it seems like it is the local price that counts, because that tells whether oil (or whatever else) is getting to be a stranded asset. As we get down to more and more little bits and pieces, we may find it is impractical to build the pipelines and refineries we need. If this happens, we may be dealing with stranded assets.
Alaska is an example. We are now having problems with the Trans Alaska Pipeline System in Alaska. Oil from the North Slope may be permanently stranded, if it becomes too expensive to fix the pipeline, and we can’t figure out an alternate way to get the oil back to a refinery somewhere. We haven’t drilled ANWR. We may never do so.
I expect we may have the same problem if we find a little oil off of the coast of Virginia. There may not be enough oil there to make it worthwhile to build the infrastructure.
The problems we may have in the future with oil may be that we have dabs of oil here and there, but the local prices for oil are too low for development. If we could just get local prices high enough, then it would be profitable to build pipelines and all of the infrastructure to really develop the oil. Everyone’s fear is that the prices will be too high, but what we should be focusing on is that they may be too low to make development possible. It is really an issue of EROI being too low.
The AL-CAN Railroad hauling oil sands output will be injected into TAPS and will prolong it’s viability and State revenues. Valdez (if acceptable to locals) can continue as a busy supertanker export terminal for Canada’s Oil Sands for decades
Remaining North Slope oil can continue to flow. No more low flow issues. This otherwise stranded resource is worth billions and could help pay for this long-awaited rail link to the Lower 48 – truly a bilateral US-Canada Nation-Building infrastructure project.
A project whose Time has Come.